In vitro fertilization (IVF) is an assisted reproductive technique where eggs are combined with sperm outside the body, then the resulting embryo or embryos are transferred into a uterus (called an embryo transfer). The process is performed at a fertility clinic and can help couples conceive if they are having trouble doing so, often after completing other, less invasive fertility interventions. IVF can also be an option for individuals without fertility issues, including single females, same-sex couples, and people with certain medical conditions such as cancer.

IVF can be performed using a female’s own eggs and her partner’s sperm, or with donor eggs or donor sperm. Embryos from IVF, whether donor embryos or embryos created from a female’s own eggs and partner’s sperm, may be transferred to either the intended parent’s uterus or into the uterus of a gestational carrier (colloquially referred to as a “surrogate”). Sometimes the term “IVF” is used to refer to the process of freezing eggs (oocyte cryopreservation) even if fertilization and creation of embryos does not take place.

Grief is a natural and common reaction to all kinds of loss; this includes the loss of or the threat of losing the chance to have children when diagnosed with infertility. Grief involves several emotional reactions to loss such as negative thoughts, a change in behaviors (e.g., difficulty sleeping), conflicting feelings, and challenging interpersonal experiences such as difficulty attending baby showers or other child-focused activities.

Grief related to infertility affects many areas of a person’s life. Infertility-related grief can include sadness, anger, anxiety, shock, feeling invisible, feeling like no one understands your experience, emotional numbness, loneliness, and/or difficulty engaging in daily life.ⁱ Fertility issues can also impact self-esteem.^ii,iii Although infertility-related grief can sometimes be long-lasting, feelings of grief generally decrease over time.

Infertility is recognized as a medical condition by the World Health Organization (WHO), as well as many other professional societies including the American Medical Association (AMA), the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), and the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE).^i,ii,iii,iv

Estimates of infertility frequency vary worldwide and even differ depending on the way data is collected. Prevalence is the term used to describe how common a medical condition is in a particular population. According to the U.S. National Survey of Family Growth, the prevalence of infertility in married heterosexual women aged 15 to 49 is approximately 19.4 percent.^v Estimates in the U.K. for a similar population were 12.5 percent.^vi Some studies indicate that the prevalence of male infertility is 10 to 15 percent, but these estimates may not be accurate due to the lack of quality evidence.^vii

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a genetic condition in which a male is born with an extra X chromosome. This condition often impacts fertility (potentially in addition to other aspects of health and development), though it does not necessarily mean a person cannot have biological children. By understanding the symptoms, causes, risks, and treatments, individuals with Klinefelter syndrome can better navigate treatment options.